Europes power is inevitably declining relative to other powers Essay

Europes power is inevitably declining relative to other powers - Essay Example The most applicable technique used to determine this phenomenon is to pose an overarching question, which enables the placement of Europe in an intelligible conceptual milieu: When does a super power cease to be â€Å"super†? This question obliges the re-interrogation of superiority, power and decides, as well as revalidation of historical perspectives, which underpin the current disquiet concerning the shifting international order. In Europe, concerns regarding its superiority, decline and power continue to be a staple component of popular and scholarly discourse, but they are rising in intensity because of current financial crisis experienced in Europe. Europe’s power is inevitably declining as the individual states, as well as their societies and production systems continue to decline. The military and economic criterion explores a nation or region’s capacity to fit the description of greatness or superiority. Military power has a notable economic basis since heavy defense spending has significant effects on a nation’s or region’s economy. Europe’s decline is perhaps most notable in international politics, and these effects emerged with stark clarity in the events concerning the Balkan crises, as well as the war in Iraq. In the case of the Iraq war, Europeans only watched helplessly as the senseless war, which they did not even desire, transpire and had to sustain a substantial share of the mammoth costs generated by the war. It is quite evident that Europe no longer carries any significant weight on the topic of international politics and is currently subject to the US’ hegemony (Rifkin 112). This reality became quite apparent at the end of the World War 2 and the Cold War. Notably, the hegemony of the US had a prominent rival in the USSR, which prevented Europe from feeling dominated by the US. US’ subtle domination of Europe gave Europeans the inaccurate sensation that they were making contributions to the realization of a joint project and defense of shared values. Today, the danger lies not in USSR domination but in terrorism, funded by fundamentalist Islamic groups whose networks extend throughout the world. Today, American hegemony does little to guarantee European security in light of this danger. It is evident that Europe could play a pivotal role in eradicating terrorism at grass root level, favoring economic development, unity and a democratic evolution Middle Eastern and North West African country with which Europe enjoys positive relations. This positive relationship is characterized by Europe’s geographical proximity, as well as close interdependence with nations in the region. However, Europe’s impotence prevents it from playing its role effectively in this area and other sensitive global regions (Manners 238). As a consequent, Europe finds itself more and more often, serving to make up the numbers that create international equilibrium while new actors such as India, China and Brazil enter the world and old actors such as Russia make an unmistakable comeback. Europe is rapidly exiting the scene as it continues to count for less than other powers in terms of strategic calculations regarding international events. On the other hand, Europe is inevitably declining on the economic front. This is notable in the declining trend experienced by the leading eurozone countries, which are currently showing, relative to their GDPs, relatively weak and negative growth trends. Unemployment rates in most European nations are current sky high. The countries’ production systems are inevitably becoming unable to fend off the

EXPENDITURE PLANNING AND CONTROL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

EXPENDITURE PLANNING AND CONTROL - Essay Example Conclusion......................................................................................13 Appendix A: Time and Cost Calculation................................................15 Appendix B: Preliminaries cost due to the Prolongation of the Works. 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Expenditure Planning and Control – Assignment 1 I. Introduction I have been instructed by the main contractor (‘the Contractor’) to prepare a report in relation to a construction project which has experienced significant problems from the get go, which have resulted in delay and disruptions during the course of the Works. These delays and disruptions have inevitably affected the Contractor’s ability to complete the work in a timely fashion. This report provides an independent assessment of the surrounding particulars and contract documentation with a view to resolving the matter. I have specifically been instructed to include in the report the following points: an analysis of the delays; extension of time (‘EOT’); liquidated damages; valuation of work and claims for loss and / or expense. Generally speaking, I am instructed to provide my opinion in relation to the parties’ rights and obligations under the contract. The report begins by outlining in brief the ‘Background Facts’ and issues which arose (see section II). Section III of the report provides an ‘Analysis of the Issues’. Under this section, each problem is addressed in chronological order. The ‘Procedural Issues’ are set out at section IV. Section V addresses the ‘Methods of Quantification’. Finally, section VI is the Conclusion. II. Background Facts The contract was entered into by the parties for the construction of an extension to a cancer centre at a hospital in the north east (‘the project’). The project can be more specifically summarised as the construction of an extension and some refurbishment work t o the cancer unit. The standard form construction contract used for the works is the JCT Standard Building Contract with Quantities (SBC/Q) (‘JCT05’) with sectional completion. This form of contract is generally used where the works have been designed / detailed by or on behalf of the Employer. The contract documentation is comprised of the JCT05 contract, contract drawing and the bill of quantities. The Contract Sum for the Works was set at ?4,000,000 under a firm price contract; otherwise known as a fixed price contract. The Contractor was to be paid monthly with 3% of the Contract Sum being retained by the Employer until completion. The duration of the contract was 34 weeks with a start date scheduled for 1st February 2008. The Works were to be executed whilst the neighbouring hospital buildings were to be occupied. It was specifically mentioned in the Preliminaries, however, that the Works were to be carried out with ‘as little disruption as possible to the da y to day working of the hospital’. Albeit, contractors were advised to visit the site at the pre-tendering stage in order to assess the conditions which could potentially impede the execution of the Works (see the Preliminaries). Furthermore, there is only one site entrance, which is situated along a busy road and is also on a ‘blind corner’, which requires careful supervision at the time of site deliveries. The following issues arose on site soon after the works commenced: Relevant Issues i) A delay of six weeks resulted after site conditions were found to be of poor quality which demanded that the foundations be redesigned; ii) A further five

Life Imprisonment The Best Method Politics Essay

Life Imprisonment The Best Method Politics Essay On January 11, 2011, a 22-year-old male in Tucson, Arizona shot through the head of an Arizona congressional representative, Gabrielle Giffords. Jared Lee Loughner was the identified shooter. During the course of his attempted assassination of Giffords, he killed six people and wounded others. Among those who have died was a nine-year old girl. As of today, Jared Loughners sentencing is still an ongoing process. The prosecutors and survivors angered by his cold-blooded actions, argue for a dead sentence, while others recommend a life sentence behind bars. However, Loughner tried as mentally ill, but the court later discovered that he was stable and competent. Loughner planned his assassination motives beforehand, which discards the fact and beliefs that he was unstable and mentally ill. Which method would be the more appropriate and suited punishment considering his crimes was committed in competence and self-control? In the Eighteenth Century, the establishment for the first laws of death penalty included the methods of execution: drowning, burning alive, hanging, beheading, boiling, crucifixion, impalement, and other heinous practice. The foremost common method of execution during the Tenth Century A.D. was hanging. In the 1700s, crimes that were punishable by death were theft, chopping down a tree, piracy, and other minor crimes considered as misdemeanor today. How does the death penalty differ from life imprisonment without parole in terms of morality? Death penalty has long been a controversial issue of judicial punishments. Nevertheless, as of today, thirty-five out of the fifty states in the United States have permitted the death penalty. On the other hand, over half of the countries around the world have abolished the death penalty. Why is euthanasia, a form of killing unlawful while capital punishment or execution regards as acceptable in a majority of the United States? Euthanasia and ca pital punishment both involves the killing of human lives in the hands of another human. It is arguable that killing a human being is unethical and immoral; however, the reason of killing is contradictory. Euthanasia is a term, in which involves assisting a merciful death of a terminally ill or suffering patient. The death penalty is the maximum consequence carried out upon an atrocious and prolific criminal. Death penalty is the execution of a criminal in hopes of terminating future and further crimes. Life imprisonment is the better method of punishment. The death penalty is nothing more than a form of revenge; it has little impact if any of crime deterrence, the process of execution is very expensive, and there is always a slight chance of wrongful executions. Is the death penalty a deterrent to crime? Only statistics can verify the truth. According to credible statistics, death penalty is not more of a deterrent than is life in prison. In fact, statistics have proved that over the years, states with the death penalty have greater homicide crime rates than states without the death penalty. In addition, the death penalty does not guarantee rehabilitation. There is no way of bringing an executed person back to life. The death penalty is a form of revenge and does not guarantee rehabilitation or change, while life in prison can. A criminal being sentenced to life in prison has a decent chance of changing or rehabilitating. Every criminal deserves a second chance. Every single person in this world had sinned at least once, so it would be absurd to kill a person simply from one crime. The death penalty only guarantees one less criminal off the streets. As for executions, death upon criminals is instant, while life behind bars is torturous. For all we know, executed criminals may be in candy land or heaven as a joyful apparition. A victims family can rest assure that a criminal given life in prison is living in misery for the rest of their life behind bars. A question to take into account is which do criminals fear more between life in prison and an instant death? A majority of criminals may actually request a death sentence rather than prison. Criminals are not concerned about their own well-being meaning that life or death to them is just a notion. Unfortunately, the techniques of execution are not as heinous as it was few hundreds of years ago; otherwise, the death penalty would be incredible crime deterrence. The thought of pain, torture, or humiliation can petrify and intimidate criminals. The cruelest method of execution was slow slicing, or ling chi, where the public ties the condemned and a thousand of their pieces of flesh is cut, including severed limbs, ending with their beheading. The Chinese in 900 CE invented this method, until its abolishment in 1905. Today, the death penalty is nothing more than a short experience of pain. The modern death penalty is not an effective method of crime deterrence because it is not torture nor is it humiliation, but simply revenge. Furthermore, the expenses upheld by the government in the cases of punishment are a concern. Most argue that the expenses of jailing prisoners are much greater than the processes of death penalty. They are wrong. Carrying out executions is much more expensive then sheltering inmates for the rest of their lives. In reality, the death penalty and executions costs much more than inhabiting criminals in prison. Why is that? The execution of a criminal is not the expensive part, but rather the process of long trials and appeals leading up to a decision of execution makes the death penalty an expensive method of punishment. It is important to provided additional prison guards for sentenced death row inmates, as well as situating death row inmates in an escape-proof and secured jail cell. This process alone, costs over $60,000 per year for each death row inmate. The drugs used for the death penalty costs $83.55 per execution. Although, the death penalty is has not been in active use, the se ntencing of death row inmates has. Possibly the most controversial reason against the death penalty is that the innocent may be wrongly executed. Over the past decade, there have been several cases of injustices. In the history of capital punishment, the innocent have been wrongfully executed, as well as wrongful imprisoned. There is a chance of imprisoning an innocent person to life in prison as well; however, the chance of repaying their dues and finding their innocence is superior to killing an innocent person. The idea of executing an innocent person is dreadful, let alone imprisoning them for life. How many innocent death row inmates have been executed or on the verge of execution? It would be awful to discover 17 death row inmates in the nation found innocent, but killed. Supporters of death penalty even suggested for quicker death penalty trials. Hastening the process of death penalty will only increase the chance of killing an innocent individual. The better method of punishment for criminals is life imprisonment without parole. The justice system is very dysfunctional when it comes to life imprisonment. Life imprisonment without parole simply means life behind bars until a natural death. Governors and prosecutors should not interfere by requesting or endorsing an early release from prison no matter what. This is the reason the judicial system is flawed. Life imprisonment may be cruel and unusual, but it perhaps, can deter crime. It may be more torturous than the death penalty, but the death penalty is crueler because it is ultimately the end of life. Life imprisonment is the better method of punishment. Appropriate and sincere administration of life imprisonment may be the ultimate crime deterrence, as well as a rehabilitation strategy.

Factors to Childlessness :: Reproduction, Sweden

Factors associated with the trends in childlessness: (1000 words ) Trends in marriage, trends in formation of family—Drawing from the literature. Role of voluntary and involuntary factors (1000 words ) Is childlessness due to infertility or by circumstances or choice?- Drawing from the literature. The risk of childlessness is increased with the delay in the first birth. The reproduction span is also reduced and so is the number of children. Changes in educational level also leads to postpone ment of fertility.(Olah and Bernhardt 2008). High tolerance towards childless ness is found in the Post modern values dominant in Sweden propagate the importance of leisure and friends in life and children though considered important , are not needed for a fulfilling life (Olah and Bernhardt 2008). The tertiary educated women in Sweden is seen to have higher rates of childlessness than others(Olah and Bernhardt 2008 Sweden observed highest female labour force participation in Europe and was considered as the major reason for the fertility decline in 60s and 80s in Sweden along with the post modern values and contraception use which provided more control over childbearing to the women(Olah and Bernhardt 2008)) Contradictory to the above, Sweden , who is the forerunner in the second demographic transition, has observed the European highest and Sweden lowest fertility trends which have fluctuated greatly in 1960s and 70s (Olah and Bernhardt 2008).With the dominance of the post modern values in this increasingly secularised society, Sweden boasts of having one of the highest ideal family size in the European union and childlessness is relatively low (Olah and Bernhardt 2008). Sweden also has the highest amount of labour force participation in the entire Europe and the education among women is also as high as the men(Olah and Bernhardt 2008). There is an important role played by the family policies in Sweden in keeping the fertility level high, which are based on equality across social groups and gender (Olah and Bernhardt 2008). The eligibility to parental leave and other benefits is linked to the labour force attachments and thus the family policies play an important role in the changes in t he fertility rates(Ola and Bernhardt 2008). Some researchers attributes enhanced economic status and educational attainment have contributed in delays in marriage and childbearing and increases in divorce and single motherhood(Danziger and Ratner 2010) please refer more to source Claudia Goldin (2006) describes women’s enhanced engagement in the economy as the most remarkable change in the labour markets in the 20th century.

8 Key Element for a Business Model

E-commerce: business. technology. society. E-commerce E commerce Business. Technology. Society gy y Kenneth  C. Laudon Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Ltd. Chapter 5 Business  Models  for  E? commerce Copyright  © 2007Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-2 E-commerce Business Models Business  model d l Set  of  planned  activities  designed  to  result  in  a   Set of planned activities designed to result in a profit  in  a  marketplace Business  plan Describes  a  firm s  business  model Describes a firm’s business modelE commerce  business  model E? commerce business model Uses/leverages  unique  qualities  of  Internet  and   Web W b Slide 2-3 8 Key Elements of Business Model 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Value  proposition Revenue  model Market  opportunity Market opportunity Competitive  environment Competitive  advantage Market  strategy Market strategy Organizational  De velopment Management  team Slide 2-4 1. Value Proposition Why  should  the  customer  buy  from  you? h h ld h b f ? Successful  e? ommerce  value   S f l l propositions: Personalization/customization Reduction  of  product  search,  price  discovery  costs Facilitation  of  transactions  by  managing  product   delivery Slide 2-5 2. Revenue Model How  will  the  firm  earn  revenue,  generate   p profits,  and  produce  a  superior  return  on   p p invested  capital? Major  types: Advertising  revenue  model g Subscription  revenue  model Transaction  fee  revenue  model Transaction fee revenue model Sales  revenue  model Affiliate  revenue  model Slide 2-6 3. Market Opportunity What  marketspace  do  you  intend  to   h k d d serve  and  what  is  its  size?Marketspace:  Area  of  actual  or  potential  commercial  value   in  which  companyà ‚  intends  to  operate in which company intends to operate Realistic  market  opportunity:  Defined  by  revenue   potential  in  each  market  niche  in  which  company  hopes  to   potential in each market niche in which company hopes to compete Market  opportunity  typically  divided  into   M k t t it t i ll di id d i t smaller  niches Slide 2-7 4. Competitive Environment Who  else  occupies  your  intended   h l d d marketspace? p Other  companies  selling  similar  products  in  the  same   marketspace Includes  both  direct  and  indirect  competitors Influenced  by: Influenced by:Number  and  size  of  active  competitors Each  competitor s  market  share Each competitor’s market share Competitors’  profitability Competitors pricing Competitors’  pricing Slide 2-8 5. Competitive Advantage Achieved  when  firm: h d h f Produces  superior  pro duct  Ã‚  or Produces superior product or Can  bring  product  to  market  at  lower  price   than  competitors th tit Important  concepts: p p Asymmetries First? mover  advantage Fi t d t Unfair  competitive  advantage Leverage Slide 2-9 6. Market Strategy How  do  you  plan  to  promote  your   products  or  services  to  attract  your   products or services to attract your target  audience?Details  how  a  company  intends  to  enter  market and  attract  customers Best  business  concepts  will  fail  if  not  properly   marketed  to  potential  customers k d i l Slide 2-10 7. Organizational Development What  types  of  organizational  structures   within  the  firm  are  necessary  to  carry  out   within the firm are necessary to carry out the  business  plan? Describes  how  firm  will  organize  work Typically  divided  into  functiona l  departments As  company  grows,  hiring  moves  from  generalists  to   As company grows hiring moves from generalists to specialists Slide 2-11 8.Management Team What  kinds  of  experiences  and   background  are  important  for  the   background are important for the company’s  leaders  to  have? Employees  are  responsible  for  making  the  business  model   work Strong  management  team  gives  instant  credibility  to   outside  investors Strong  management  team  may  not  be  able  to  salvage  a   weak  business  model,  but  should  be  able  to  change  the   model  and  redefine  the  business  as  it  becomes  necessary Slide 2-12 Insight on Business Online Grocers: Finding and Executing the Right Model g g Class Discussion Slide 2-13 Categorizing E-commerce Business ModelsNo  one  correct  way We  categorize  businessà ‚  models  according  to: We categorize business models according to: E? commerce  sector  (B2C,  B2B,  C2C) Type  of  e? commerce  technology;  i. e. m? commerce Type of e commerce technology; i e m commerce Similar  business  models  appear  in  more  than   one  sector Some  companies  use  multiple  business   Some companies use multiple business models;  e. g. eBay Slide 2-14 B2C Business Models: Portal Search  plus  an  integrated  package  of  content   and  services Revenue  models:   d l Advertising,  referral  fees,  transaction  fees,  subscriptions g p Variations:Horizontal  /  General Vertical  /  Specialized  (Vortal) Vertical / Specialized (Vortal) Pure  Search Slide 2-15 Insight on Technology Can Bing Bong Google? Class Discussion Slide 2-16 B2C Models: E-tailer Online  version  of  traditional  retailer Revenue  model:  Sales Variations: Virtual  merchant Virtual merchant Bricks? and? clicks Catalog  merchant C t l h t Manufacturer? direct Low  barriers  to  entry Slide 2-17 B2C Models: Content Provider Digital  content  on  the  Web News,  music,  video Revenue  models:   Revenue models: Subscription;  pay  per  download  (micropayment);   advertising;  affiliate  referral  fees Variations:Content  owners Syndication S di i Web  aggregators Slide 2-18 B2C Models: Transaction Broker Process  online  transactions  for  consumers Primary  value  proposition—saving  time  and  money Revenue  model:   R d l Transaction  fees Industries  using  this  model: Financial  services Travel  services Job  placement  services Slide 2-19 B2C Models: Market Creator Create  digital  environment  where  buyers   and  sellers  can  meet  and  transact Examples:   Priceline eBay y Revenue  model:  Transaction  fees Revenue model: Transaction fee s Slide 2-20 B2C Models: Service Provider Online  services e. g. Google:  Google  Maps,  Gmail,  etc. Value  proposition   Value propositionValuable,  convenient,  time? saving,  low? cost  alternatives  to   traditional  service  providers t diti l i id Revenue  models: Revenue models: Sales  of  services,  subscription  fees,  advertising,  sales  of   marketing  data marketing data Slide 2-21 B2C Models: Community Provider Provide  online  environment  (social   network)  where  people  with  similar   interests  can  transact,  share  content,  and   , , communicate   E. g. Facebook,  MySpace,  LinkedIn,  Twitter Revenue  models: R d l Typically  hybrid,  combining  advertising, subscriptions,  sales,  transaction  fees,  affiliate  fees Slide 2-22 B2B Business Models Net  marketplaces E? istributor E procurement E? procurement Exchange Industry  consortium Industry cons ortium Private  industrial  network Private industrial network Single  firm Industry? wide Industry wide Slide 2-23 B2B Models: E-distributor Version  of  retail  and  wholesale  store,   , MRO  goods  and  indirect  goods Owned  by  one  company  seeking  to  serve   many  customers Revenue  model:  Sales  of  goods Example:  Grainger. com Slide 2-24 B2B Models: E-procurement Creates  digital  markets  where   participants  transact  for  indirect  goods B2B  service  providers,  application  service  providers  (ASPs) B2B service providers application service providers (ASPs)Revenue  model: Service  fees,  supply? chain  management,  fulfillment   services Example:  Ariba Slide 2-25 B2B Models: Exchanges Independently  owned  vertical  digital   p y g marketplace  for  direct  inputs Revenue  model:  Transaction,  commission  fees Revenue model Transaction commission fees C eate po e u co pet t o bet ee Create  powerful  competition  between   suppliers Tend  to  force  suppliers  into  powerful  price   T d f li i f l i competition;  number  of  exchanges  has   dropped  dramatically d dd ll Slide 2-26 B2B Models: Industry Consortia Industry? wned  vertical  digital  marketplace   open  to  select  suppliers More  successful  than  exchanges More successful than exchanges Sponsored  by  powerful  industry  players Strengthen  traditional  purchasing  behavior Revenue  model:  Transaction,  commission  fees R d l T ti i i f Example:  Exostar Example: Exostar Slide 2-27 Private Industrial Networks Designed  to  coordinate  flow  of  communication   among  firms  engaged  in  business  together fi di b i h Electronic  data  interchange  (EDI) Single  firm  networks Most  common  form   M t f Example:  Wal? Mart’s  network   for  suppliersIndustry? wide  networks Often  evolve  out  of  industry  associations   Often evolve out of industry associations Example:  Agentrics Slide 2-28 Other E-commerce Business Models Consumer? to? consumer  (C2C) eBay,  Craigslist Peer? to? peer  (P2P) Peer to peer (P2P) The  Pirate  Bay,  Cloudmark M? commerce: Technology  platform  continues  to  evolve Technology platform continues to evolve iPhone,  smartphones  energizing  interest  in  m? commerce   pp apps Slide 2-29 Insight on Society Where R U? Not Here! Class Discussion Slide 2-30 E-commerce Enablers: Gold Rush ModelE? commerce  infrastructure  companies   p have  profited  the  most: Hardware,  software,  networking,  security E? commerce  software  systems,  payment  systems Media  solutions,  performance  enhancement CRM  software CRM software Databases Hosting  services,  etc. Slide 2-31 How Internet & Web Change Busi ness E? commerce  changes  industry  structure   g y by  changing: Basis  of  competition  among  rivals Barriers  to  entry y Threat  of  new  substitute  products Strength  of  suppliers Bargaining  power  of  buyers Bargaining power of buyers Slide 2-32 Industry Value ChainsSet  of  activities  performed  by  suppliers,   manufacturers,  transporters,  distributors,  and   f di ib d retailers  that  transform  raw  inputs  into  final   products  and  services   Internet  reduces  cost  of  information  and   Internet reduces cost of information and other  transactional  costs Leads  to  greater  operational  efficiencies,   lowering  cost,  prices,  adding  value  for   lowering cost prices adding value for customers Slide 2-33 E-commerce & Industry Value Chains Figure  5. 4 Slide 2-34 Firm Value Chains Activities  that  a  firm  engages  in  to   create inal  products  from  raw  inputs Each  step  adds  value Effect  of  Internet: Eff fI Increases  operational  efficiency p y Enables  product  differentiation Enables  precise  coordination  of  steps  in  chain E bl i di ti f t i h i Slide 2-35 E-commerce & Firm Value Chains Figure  5. 5 Slide 2-36 Firm Value Webs Networked  business  ecosystem   Uses  Internet  technology  to  coordinate  the   value  chains  of  business  partners l h i fb i Coordinates  a  firm’s  suppliers  with  its  own   C di t fi ’ li ith it production  needs  using  an  Internet? based   supply  chain  management  systemSlide 2-37 Internet-Enabled Value Web bl d l b Figure  5. 6 Slide 2-38 Business Strategy Plan  for  achieving  superior  long? term   returns  on  the  capital  invested  in  a   business  firm   business firm Four  Generic  Strategies 1. Di fferentiation   2. Cost 3. Scope 4. 4 Focus Slide 2-39 Chapter 6 E-commerce Marketing Copyright  © 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-40 Netflix N fli Strengthens and Defends Its Brand Class Discussion Slide 6-41 Consumers Online: Internet Audience & Consumer Behavior Around  70%  (82  million)  U. S. ouseholds  have   Around 70% (82 million) U S households have Internet  access  in  2010 Growth  rate  has  slowed Intensity  and  scope  of  use  both  increasing d f b h Some  demographic  groups  have  much  higher   Some demographic groups have much higher percentages  of  online  usage  than  others   Gender,  age,  ethnicity,  community  type,  income,  education Slide 6-42 Consumers Online: Internet Audience & Consumer Behavior Broadband  audience  vs. dial? up  audience Purchasing  behavior  affected  by   neighborhood Lifestyle  and  sociological  impa cts Use  of  Internet  by  children,  teens Use  of  Internet  as  substitute  for  other  social  activitiesMedia  choices Traditional  media  competes  with  Internet  for  attention Traditional media competes with Internet for attention Slide 6-43 Consumer Behavior Models Study  of  consumer  behavior Social  science   Attempts  to  explain  what  consumers  purchase   Attempts to explain what consumers purchase and  where,  when,  how  much  and  why  they  buy Consumer  behavior  models Predict  wide  range  of  consumer  decisions Predict wide range of consumer decisions Based  on  background  demographic  factors  and   other  intervening,  more  immediate  variables   h i i i di i bl Slide 6-44 General Model of Consumer Behavior Figure  6. Slide 6-45 Background Demographic Factors Culture:  Broadest  impact Subculture  (ethnicity,  age,  lifestyle,  geography) S b lt ( th i it lif t l h ) Social Reference  groups Direct  Ã‚  reference  groups g p Indirect  reference  groups Opinion  leaders  (viral  influencers) Lifestyle  groups   f l Psychological Psychological  profiles Slide 6-46 Online Purchasing Decision Psychographic  research Combines  demographic  and  psychological  data Combines demographic and psychological data Divides  market  into  groups  based  on  social  class,  lifestyle,   and/or  personality  characteristics and/or personality characteristicsFive  stages  in  the  consumer  decision  process: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Awareness  of  need Search  for  more  information Evaluation  of  alternatives Actual  purchase  decision Actual purchase decision Post? purchase  contact  with  firm Slide 6-47 Consumer D i i C Decision Process & P Supporting Communications Figure  6. 3 Slide 6-48 Model of Online Consumer Behavior Decision   process  similar  for  online  and  offline   behavior General  online  behavior  model Consumer  skills Product  characteristics Attitudes  toward  online  purchasing Perceptions  about  control  over  Web  environment p Web  site  featuresClickstream  behavior:  Transaction  log  for   Clickstream behavior: Transaction log for consumer  from  search  engine  to  purchase Slide 6-49 Model of Online Consumer Behavior Figure  6. 4 Slide 6-50 Model of Online Consumer Behavior Clickstream  factors  include: Number  of  days  since  last  visit Number of days since last visit Speed  of  clickstream  behavior Number  of  products  viewed  during  last  visit b f d i dd i l ii Number  of  pages  viewed Supplying  personal  information Number  of  days  since  last  purchase Number  of  past  purchasesClickstream  marketing Clickstream marketing Slide 6-51 Shoppers: B rowsers & Buyers Shoppers:  87%  of  Internet  users 72%  buyers 72% buyers 16%  browsers  (purchase  offline) One? third  offline  retail  purchases  influenced  by   O thi d ffli t il h i fl db online  activities Online  traffic  also  influenced  by  offline  brands  and   shopping pp g E? commerce  and  traditional  commerce  are  coupled: part  of  a  continuum  of  consuming  behavior part of a continuum of consuming behavior Slide 6-52 Online Shoppers & Buyers Figure  6. 5 Slide 6-53What Consumers Shop & Buy Online Big  ticket  items  ($500  plus) Travel,  computer  hardware,  consumer  electronics Expanding   Consumers  more  confident  in  purchasing  costlier  items Small  ticket  items  ($100  or  less) ($ ) Apparel,  books,  office  supplies,  software,  etc. Sold  by  first  movers  on  Web Sold by first movers on Web Physically  small  i tems High  margin  items   Broad  selection  of  products  available Slide 6-54 What Consumers Buy Online Figure  6. 6 Slide 6-55 Intentional Acts: How Shoppers Find Vendors Online pp Search  engines  (59%) S h i (59%) Coupon  Web  sites  (29%) Coupon Web sites (29%) Comparison  shopping  sites  (27%) E? ail  newsletters  (25%) Online  shoppers  are  highly  intentional,   looking  for  specific  products,  companies,   services Slide 6-56 Table  6. 6 Slide 6-57 Trust, Utility, Opportunism in Online Markets Two  most  important  factors  shaping  decision   Two most important factors shaping decision to  purchase  online: Utility:   U ili Better  prices,  convenience,  speed Trust: Asymmetry  of  information  can  lead  to  opportunistic   behavior  by  sellers Sellers  can  develop  trust  by  building  strong  reputations   for  honesty,  fairness,  delivery   Slide 6-58 Basic Marketing Concepts MarketingStrategies  and  actions  to  establish  relationship   Strategies and actions to establish relationship with  consumer  and  encourage  purchases  of   p products  and  services Addresses  competitive  situation  of  industries  and   firms Seeks  to  create  unique,  highly  differentiated   products  or  services  that  are  produced  or  supplied   by  one  trusted  firm Unmatchable  feature  set Avoidance  of  becoming  commodity Slide 6-59 Feature Sets Three  levels  of  product  or  service 1. Core  product e. g. cell  phone g p 2. Actual  product Characteristics  that  deliver  core  benefits Ch t i ti th t d li b fit e. g. wide  screen  that  connects  to  Internet 3. Augmented  productAdditional  benefits Basis  for  building  the  product’s  brand e. g. product  warranty Slide 6-60 Featu re Set Figure  6. 7 Slide 6-61 Products, Brands & Branding Process Brand: Expectations  consumers  have  when  consuming,  or   thinking  about  consuming,  a  specific  product Most  important  expectations:  Quality,  reliability,   Most important expectations: Quality reliability consistency,  trust,  affection,  loyalty,  reputation Branding:  Process  of  brand  creation Branding: Process of brand creation Closed  loop  marketing Brand  strategy Brand  equity Brand eq it Slide 6-62 Marketing A ti iti M k ti Activities: From Products to Brands Figure  6. 8Slide 6-63 STP: Segmenting, Targeting, Positioning Major  ways  used  to  segment,  target  customers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Behavioral B h i l Demographic Psychographic h hi Technical Contextual Search Within  segment,  product  is  positioned and  branded  as   a  unique,  high? value  product,  especially  suited  to   q g p p y ne eds  of  segment  customers Slide 6-64 Are Brands Rational? For  consumers,  a  qualified  yes: Brands  introduce  market  efficiency  by  reducing  search  and   decision? making  costs For  business  firms,  a  definite  yes: A  major  source  of  revenue Lower  customer  acquisition  cost Increased  customer  retention Successful  brand  constitutes  a  long? asting  (though  not   necessarily  permanent)  unfair  competitive  advantage Slide 6-65 Can Brands Survive Internet? Brands & Price Dispersion p Early  postulation:   Law  of  One  Price ;  end  of  brands Early postulation: â€Å"Law of One Price†; end of brands Instead: Consumers  still  pay  premium  prices  for  differentiated   products E? commerce  firms  rely  heavily  on  brands  to  attract   customers  and  charge  premium  prices Substantial  price  dispersion Large  differences  in  price  sensitivity  for  same  product Large differences in price sensitivity for same product â€Å"Library  effect† Slide 6-66Revolution in Internet Marketing Technology Three  broad  impacts: Scope  of  marketing  communications  broadened   Richness  of  marketing  communications  increased g Information  intensity  of  marketplace  expanded Internet  marketing  technologies: Internet marketing technologies: Web  transaction  logs Cookies  and  Web  bugs Cookies and Web bugs Databases,  data  warehouses,  data  mining Advertising  networks Customer  relationship  management  systems Slide 6-67 Web Transaction LogsBuilt  into  Web  server  software Record  user  activity  at  Web  site y Webtrends:  Leading  log  analysis  tool Provides  much  marketing  data,  especially  Ã‚   Provides much marketing data especially combined  with: Registratio n  forms R i i f Shopping  cart  database Answers  questions  such  as: What  are  major  patterns  of  interest  and  purchase? After  home  page,  where  do  users  go  first? Second? Slide 6-68 Cookies & Web Bugs Cookies: Small  text  file  Web  sites  place  on  visitor’s  PC  every  time   they  visit,  as  specific  pages  are  accessed Provide  Web  marketers  with  very  quick  means  of   identifying  customer  and  understanding  prior  behavior Flash  cookiesWeb  bugs: Tiny  (1  pixel)  graphics  embedded  in  e mail  and  Web  sites Tiny (1 pixel) graphics embedded in e? mail and Web sites Used  to  automatically  transmit  information  about  user  and   page being viewed to monitoring server page  being  viewed  to  monitoring  server Slide 6-69 Insight on Society g y Every Move You Make, Every Click You Make, Weâ₠¬â„¢ll Be Tracking You , g Class Discussion Slide 6-70 Databases Database:  Ã‚  Stores  records  and  attributes Database  management  system  (DBMS):   Software  used  to  create,  maintain,  and  access  databasesSQL  (Structured  Query  Language): Industry? standard  database  query  and  manipulation  language  used  in   y q y p g g a  relational  database Relational  database: Represents  data  as  two? dimensional  tables  with  records  organized  in   rows  and  attributes  in  columns;  data  within  different  tables  can  be   flexibly  related  as  long  as  the  tables  share  a  common  data  element flexibly related as long as the tables share a common data element Slide 6-71 Relational Database View of E-commerce Customers Figure  6. 12 Slide 6-72 Data Warehouses & Data Mining Data  warehouse:Collects  firm s  transactional  and  custom er  data  in  single   Collects firm’s transactional and customer data in single location  for  offline  analysis  by  marketers  and  site   managers Data  mining: Analytical  techniques  to  find  patterns  in  data,  model   Analytical techniques to find patterns in data model behavior  of  customers,  develop  customer  profiles Query? driven  data  mining Query driven data mining Model? driven  data  mining Rule? based  data  mining l b dd Collaborative  filtering Slide 6-73 Data Mining & Personalization Figure  6. 13 Slide 6-74 Insight on TechnologyThe Long T il Big Hits and Big Misses Th L Tail: Bi Hi d Bi Mi Class Discussion Slide 6-75 Customer Relationship Management ( (CRM) Systems ) y Record  all  contact  that  customer  has  with  firm Generates  customer  profile  available  to  everyone  in firm  with  need  to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"know  the  customer† fi ith d t â€Å"k th t † Customer profiles can contain: ustomer  profiles  can  contain: Map  of  the  customer’s  relationship  with  the  firm Product  and  usage  summary  data Demographic  and  psychographic  data Profitability  measures Contact  history   Contact history Marketing  and  sales  information Slide 6-76Customer Relationship Management System Figure  6. 14 Slide 6-77 Market Entry Strategies Figure  6. 15 Slide 6-78 Establishing Customer Relationship Advertising  Networks Banner  advertisements Ad  server  selects  appropriate  banner  ad  based  on   Ad server selects appropriate banner ad based on cookies,  Web  bugs,  backend  user  profile   databases Permission  marketing Permission marketing Affiliate  marketing g Slide 6-79 How Advertising Network Works e. g. , DoubleClick Figure  6. 16 Slide 6-80 Establishing Customer Relationship (cont’d) Viral  marketingGett ing  customers  to  pass  along  company’s  marketing   message  to  friends,  family,  and  colleagues Blog  marketing Using  blogs  to  market  goods  through  commentary  and   U i bl k d h h d advertising Social  network  marketing,  social  shopping   Mobile  marketing Mobile marketing Slide 6-81 Insight on Business Social Network Marketing: Let’s Buy Together Class Discussion Slide 6-82 Establishing Customer Relationship (cont’d) Wisdom  of  crowds  (Surowiecki,  2004) ( , ) Large  aggregates  produce  better  estimates  and  judgments Examples:   E l Prediction  markets Folksonomies Social  tagging Social taggingBrand  leveraging Slide 6-83 Customer Retention: Strengthening Customer Relationship p Mass  marketing Mass marketing Direct  marketing Micromarketing   Micromarketing Personalized,  one? to? one  marketing  Ã‚   Segmenting  market  on  precise  a nd  timely  understanding  of   Segmenting market on precise and timely understanding of individual’s  needs Targeting  specific  marketing  messages  to  these  individuals Positioning  product  vis? a? vis  competitors  to  be  truly  unique Personalization Can  increase  consumers  sense  of  control,  freedom Can  also  result  in  unwanted  offers  or  reduced  anonymity Slide 6-84Mass Market-Personalization Continuum Figure  6. 17 Slide 6-85 Other Customer Retention Marketing Technics Customization Customer  co? production Transactive  content:   Combine  traditional  content  with  dynamic  information   tailored  to  each  user’s  profile Customer  service FAQs Q Real? time  customer  service  chat  systems Automated  response  systems Automated response systems Slide 6-86 Net Pricing Strategies Pricing Integral  part  of  marketing  strategy I t l t f k ti t t Traditionally  based  on:   Fixed  cost   Variable  costs   Demand  curve Price  discrimination Price discriminationSelling  products  to  different  people  and  groups   based  on  willingness  to  pay Slide 6-87 Net Pricing Strategies (cont’d) Free  and  freemium Can  be  used  to  build  market  awareness Versioning Creating  multiple  versions  of  product  and  selling   essentially  same  product  to  different  market  segments   at  different  prices at different prices Bundling Offers  consumers  two  or  more  goods  for  one  price Off t d f i Dynamic  pricing: Auctions Yield  management Slide 6-88 Channel Management Strategies Channels: Different  methods  by  which  goods  can  be  distributed  and   soldChannel  conflict: When  new  venue  for  selling  products  or  services  threatens   gp or  destroy s  existing  sales  venues E. g. online  airline/travel  services  and  Ã‚  traditional  offline   travel  agencies Some  manufacturers  are  using  partnership   gp p model  to  avoid  channel  conflict   Slide 6-89 Chapter 7: E-commerce Marketing Communications Chapter 7 E-commerce Advertising Copyright  © 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7-90 Video Ads: Shoot, Click, Buy Class Discussion Slide 7-91 Marketing Communications Two  main  purposes:Sales  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ promotional  sales  communications   Branding  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ b di B di branding  communications i i Online  marketing  communications Online marketing communications Takes  many  forms Online  ads,  e? mail,  public  relations,  Web   sites Slide 7-92 Online Advertising li d i i $25  billion,  15%  of  all  advertising Advantages: Internet  is  where  audience  is  moving g Ad  targeting Greater  opp ortunities  for  interactivity Greater opportunities for interactivity Disadvantages: Cost  versus  benefit How  to  adequately  measure  results Supply  of  good  venues  to  display  ads Slide 7-93 Online Advertising from 2002-2014 Figure  7. Slide 7-94 Forms of Online Advertisements Display  ads Rich  media Video  ads Search  engine  advertising Social  network,  blog,  and  game  advertising Social network blog and game advertising Sponsorships Referrals  (affiliate  relationship  marketing) E? mail  marketing g Online  catalogs Slide 7-95 Display Ads Banner  ads Rectangular  box  linking  to  advertiser’s  Web  site IAB  guidelines e. g. Full  banner  is  468  x  60  pixels,  13K e g Full banner is 468 x 60 pixels 13K Pop? up  ads Appear  without  user  calling  for  them Provoke  negative  consumer  sentiment g Twice  as  effective  as  normal  banner  ads Pop? nder  ads:  Open  beneath  browser  window Pop under ads: Open beneath browser window Slide 7-96 Rich Media Ads Use  Flash,  DHTML,  Java,  JavaScript About  7%  of  all  online  advertising  expenditures Tend  to  be  more  about  branding d b b b di Boost  brand  awareness  by  10% Boost brand awareness by 10% IAB  standards  limit  length Interstitials Superstitials Slide 7-97 Video Ads Fastest  growing  form  of  online  advertisement IAB  standards Linear  video  ad Non? linear  video  ad In? banner  video  ad In? text  video  ad Ad placement Advertising  networks Advertising  exchanges Banner  swappingSlide 7-98 Search Engine Advertising h i d i i Almost  50%  of  online  ad  spending  in  2010 Types: Paid  inclusion  or  rank Paid inclusion or rank Inclusion  in  search  results Sponsored  link  areas p Keyword  advertising e. g. Google  AdWords e g Google AdWords Network  keyword  advertising  (context   advertising) d ii ) e. g. Google  AdSense Slide 7-99 Search Engine Advertising (cont’d) Nearly  ideal  targeted  marketing Nearly ideal targeted marketing Issues:   Disclosure  of  paid  inclusion  and  placement   practices Click  fraud   Ad  nonsense   Slide 7-100 Mobile Advertising Half  of  U. S.Internet  users  access  Internet   Half of U. S. Internet users access Internet with  mobile  devices Currently  small  market,  but  fastest   growing  platform  (35%) growing platform (35%) Google  and  Apple  in  race  to  develop   Google and Apple in race to develop mobile  advertising  platform AdMob,  iAd Slide 7-101 Sponsorships & Referrals Sponsorships Paid  effort  to  tie  advertiser s  name  to   Paid effort to tie advertiser’s name to particular  information,  event,  venue  in  a  way   that  reinforces  brand  in  positive  yet  not  overtly   that reinforces brand in positive yet not overtly commercial  manner ReferralsAffiliate  relationship  marketing p g Permits  firm  to  put  logo  or  banner  ad  on   another  firm’s  Web  site  from  which  users  of   th fi ’ W b it f hi h f that  site  can  click  through  to  affiliate’s  site Slide 7-102 E-mail Marketing & Spam Explosion Direct  e? mail  marketing   Low  cost,  primary  cost  is  purchasing  addresses Spam:  Unsolicited  commercial  e? mail Spam: Unsolicited commercial e mail Approx. 90%  of  all  e? mail Efforts  to  control  spam: Technology  (filtering  software)   Government  regulation  (CAN? SPAM  and  state  laws) Voluntary  self? regulation  by  industries  (DMA  ) y g y Volunteer  efforts Slide 7-103Percentage of E-mail That Is Spam Figure 7. 6 Slide 7-104 Online Catalogs Equivalent  of  paper? based  catalogs Graphics? intense;  use  increasing  with  increase   in  broadband  use in broadband use Two  types: 1. 2. 2 Full? page  spreads,  e. g. Landsend. com Grid  displays,  e. g. Amazon Grid displays e g Amazon In  general,  online  and  offline  catalogs   complement  each  other Slide 7-105 Social Marketing â€Å"Many? to? many†Ã‚  model Uses  digitally  enabled  networks  to  spread  ads Blog  advertising   Blog advertising Online  ads  related  to  content  of  blogs Social  network  advertising:   Social network advertising:Ads  on  MySpace,  Facebook,  YouTube,  etc. Game  advertising:   G d ti i Downloadable  Ã¢â‚¬Å"advergames† Placing  brand? name  products  within  games Slide 7-106 Insight on Society g y Marketing to Children of the Web in the Age of Social Networks g Class Discussion Slide 7-107 Behavioral Targeting Interest? based  advertising Data  aggregators  develop  profiles Data aggregators develop profiles Search  engine  queries Online  browsing  history O li b i hi Offline  data  (income,  education,  etc. ) d Information  sold  to  3rd party  advertisers,  who  deliver   ads  based  on  profile Ad  exchanges Privacy  concerns acy co ce s Consumer  resistance Slide 7-108Mixing Off-line & Online Marketing Communications g Most  successful  marketing  campaigns   M t f l k ti i incorporate  both  online  and  offline  tactics Offline  marketing Drive  traffic  to  Web  sites Drive traffic to Web sites Increase  awareness  and  build  brand  equity Consumer  behavior  increasingly  multi? channel 60%  consumers  research  online  before  buying  offline % y g Slide 7-109 Insight on Business g Are the Very Rich Different From You and Me? Class Discussion Sl ide 7-110 Online Marketing Metrics: Lexicon Measuring  audience  size  or  market  share Impressions I i Click? through  rate  (CTR) View? hrough  rate  (VTR) Vi th h t (VTR) Hits Page  views P i Stickiness  (duration) Unique  visitors Loyalty Reach Recency Slide 7-111 Online Marketing Metrics (cont’d) Conversion  of  visitor   Conversion of visitor to  customer Acquisition  rate q Conversion  rate Browse? to? buy? ratio View? to? cart  ratio Vi t t ti Cart  conversion  rate Checkout  conversion  rate   Checkout conversion rate Abandonment  rate Retention  rate Attrition  rate E mail  metrics E? mail metrics Open  rate Delivery  rate Delivery rate Click? through  rate   (e mail) (e? mail) Bounce? back  rate Slide 7-112 Online Consumer Purchasing ModelFigure  7. 8 Slide 7-113 How Well Does Online Adv. Work? Ultimately  measured  by  ROI  on  ad  campaign Highest  click? through  rates:  Searc h  engine  ads,   Permission  e mail  campaigns Permission e? mail campaigns Rich  media,  video  interaction  rates  high Online  channels  compare  favorably  with  traditional Most  powerful  marketing  campaigns  use  multiple   Most powerful marketing campaigns use multiple channels,  including  online,  catalog,  TV,  radio,   newspapers,  stores newspapers, stores Slide 7-114 Comparative Returns on Investment Figure  7. 9 Slide 7-115 Costs of Online Advertising Pricing  modelsBarter Cost  per  thousand  (CPM) Cost  per  click  (CPC)   Cost  per  action  (CPA)   Cost per action (CPA) Online  revenues  only Sales  can  be  directly  correlated Sales can be directly correlated Both  Ã‚  online/offline  revenues Offline  purchases  cannot  always  be  directly  related  to  online   Offli h t l b di tl l t dt li campaign In  general,  online  marketing  more   expensive  on  CPM   In general online marketing more expensive on CPM basis,  but  more  effective Slide 7-116 Web Site Activity Analysis b i i i l i Figure  7. 10 Slide 7-117 Insight on Technology It’s 10 P. M. Do You Know Who Is On Your Web Site? Class Discussion Slide 7-118Web Site †¦ as Marketing Communications Tool g Web  site  as  extended  online  advertisement W b i d d li d i Domain  name:  An  important  role   Domain name: An important role Search  engine  optimization:   Search engine optimization: Search  engines  registration Keywords  in  Web  site  description K d i W b it d i ti Metatag  and  page  title  keywords Links  to  other  sites k h Slide 7-119 Web Site Functionality b i i li Main  factors  in  effectiveness  of  interface Utility Ease  of  use Top  factors  in  credibility  of  Web  sites: Top factors in credibility of Web sites: Design  look Info rmation  design/structure g / Information  focusOrganization  is  important  for  first time  users,  but   Organization is important for first? time users but declines  in  importance Information content becomes major factor attracting Information  content  becomes  major  factor  attracting   further  visits Slide 7-120 Factors in Credibility of Web Sites Figure  7. 11 Slide 7-121 Table  7. 9 Slide 7-122 Chapter 8: Ethical, Social, and Political Issues in E-commerce E commerce Chapter 8 Ethics, Law, E-commerce Copyright  © 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-123 Ethical, Social, Political Issues in E-commerceInternet,  like  other  technologies,  can: Internet like other technologies can: Enable  new  crimes Affect  environment Threaten  social  values Costs  and  benefits  must  be  carefully   considered,  especially  when  there  are  no   id d i ll h h g g clear? c ut  legal  or  cultural  guidelines Slide 8-124 Model for Organizing Issues Issues  raised  by  Internet  and  e? commerce  can  be  viewed  at  individual,   social,  and  political  levels social and political levels Four  major  categories  of  issues: Four major categories of issues: Information  rights Property  rights Property rights Governance Public  safety  and  welfare Slide 8-125Moral Dimensions of Internet Society M l Di i f I S i Figure  8. 1 Slide 8-126 Basic Ethical Concepts i hi l Ethics Study  of  principles  used  to  determine  right  and  wrong  courses  of   action Responsibility p y Accountability Liability Laws  permitting  individuals  to  recover  damages Due  process Laws  are  known,  understood Laws are known understood Ability  to  appeal  to  higher  authorities  to  ensure  laws  applied  correctly Slide 8-127 Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas l i hi l il Process  for  analyzing  ethical  dilemmas: 1. 2. 3. 3 4. 5. Identify  and  clearly  describe  the  facts Define  the  conflict  or  dilemma  and  identify  the   y higher? rder  values  involved Identify  the  stakeholders Identify the stakeholders Identify  the  options  that  you  can  reasonably   take t k Identify  the  potential  consequences  of  your   options Slide 8-128 Candidate Ethical Principles Golden  Rule Universalism Slippery  Slope Collective  Utilitarian  Principle Risk  Aversion Ri k A i No  Free  Lunch The  New  York  Times  Test The  Social  Contract  Rule Slide 8-129 Privacy & Information Rights Privacy: Moral  right  of  individuals  to  be  left  alone,  free   from  surveillance  or  interference  from  other   individuals  or  organizations Information  privacy p y Subset  of  privacy Includes:The  claim  th at  certain  information  should  not  be   collected  at  all The  claim  of  individuals  to  control  the  use  of  whatever   h l i f i di id l l h f h information  is  collected  about  them Slide 8-130 Privacy & Information Rights (cont. ) Major  ethical  issue  related  to  e? commerce   and  privacy:   d i Under  what  conditions  should  we  invade  the   privacy  of  others? Major  social  issue:   j Development  of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"expectations  of  privacy†Ã‚  and   privacy  norms privacy norms Major  political  issue: Development  of  statutes  that  govern  relations   D l t f t t t th t l ti between  recordkeepers  and  individuals Slide 8-131 Information Collected at E-commerce SitesData  collected  includes Personally  identifiable  information  (PII) Anonymous  information Anonymous information Types  of  data  collected yp Name,  a ddress,  phone,  e? mail,  social  security Bank  and  credit  accounts,  gender,  age,  occupation,   B k d di d i education Preference  data,  transaction  data,  clickstream  data,   browser  type Slide 8-132 Social Networks & Privacy Social  networks Encourage  sharing  personal  details Pose  unique  challenge  to  maintaining   privacy Facebook s  Beacon  program Facebook’s Beacon program Facebook s  Terms  of  Service  change Facebook’s Terms of Service change Slide 8-133 Profiling & Behavioral Targeting ProfilingCreation  of  digital  images  that  characterize  online  individual  and   group  behavior Anonymous  profiles A fil Personal  profiles Personal profiles Advertising  networks Track  consumer  and  browsing  behavior  on  Web T k db i b h i W b Dynamically  adjust  what  user  sees  on  screen Build  and  refresh  profiles  of  consumers Google’s AdWords program Slide 8-134 Profiling & Behavioral Targeting (cont’d) Deep  packet  inspection Business  perspective: Web  profiling  serves  consumers  and  businesses Increases  effectiveness  of  advertising,  subsidizing  free   content Enables  sensing  of  demand  for  new  products  and  services Critics  perspective:Undermines  expectation  of  anonymity  and  privacy Consumers  show  significant  opposition  to  unregulated   collection  of  personal  information Enables  weblining Slide 8-135 Internet & Government Invasions of Privacy Various  laws  strengthen  ability  of  law  enforcement   agencies  to  monitor  Internet  users  without   i i I ih knowledge  and  sometimes  without  judicial  oversight CALEA,  PATRIOT  Act,  Cyber  Security  Enhancement  Act,   Homeland  Security  Act Government  agencies  are  largest  users  of  private   sector  commercial  data  brokers sector commercial data brokers Retention  by  ISPs  of  user  data  a  concern Slide 8-136Legal Protections In  U. S. ,  privacy  rights  explicitly  granted  or   derived  from Constitution   Constitution First  Amendment  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ freedom  of  speech  and  association Fourth  Amendment  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ unreasonable  search  and  seizure F th A d t bl h d i Fourteenth  Amendment  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ due  process Specific  statutes  and  regulations  (federal  and   Specific statutes and regulations (federal and state) Common  law Slide 8-137 Informed Consent U. S. firms  can  gather  and  redistribute   transaction  information  without  individual’s   i i f i ih i di id l’ informed  consent Illegal  in  Europe Informed  consent: Opt? in   Opt out Opt? out Many  U. S. ? commerce  firm s  merely  publish  information   p practices  as  part  of  privacy  policy  without  providing  for   p p yp y p g any  form  of  informed  consent Slide 8-138 FTC’s Fair Information Practices Principles Federal  Trade  Commission: Federal Trade Commission: Conducts  research  and  recommends  legislation  to  Congress Fair  Information  Practice  Principles  (1998): Fair Information Practice Principles (1998): Notice/Awareness  (Core) Choice/Consent  (Core) Choice/Consent (Core) Access/Participation Security Enforcement Guidelines,  not  laws Guidelines not laws Slide 8-139 FTC’s Fair Information Practice PrinciplesNotice/Awareness i / Sites  must  disclose  information  practices  before  collecting  data. Includes Sit t di l i f ti ti b f ll ti d t I l d identification  of  collector,  uses  of  data,  other  recipients  of  data,  nature  of   collection  (ac tive/inactive),  voluntary  or  required,  consequences  of  refusal,  and   steps  taken  to  protect  confidentiality,  integrity,  and  quality  of  the  data Choice/Consent There  must  be  a  choice  regime  in  place  allowing  consumers  to  choose  how   their  information  will  be  used  for  secondary  purposes  other  than  supporting   the  transaction,  including  internal  use  and  transfer  to  third  parties.Opt? in/Opt? out  must  be  available. Consumers  should  be  able  to  review  and  contest  the  accuracy  and   completeness  of  data  collected  about  them  in  a  timely,  inexpensive  process. Access/Participation ccess/ a c pa o Security y Enforcement Data  collectors  must  take  reasonable  steps  to  assure  that  consumer   information  is  accurate  and  secure  from   unauthorized  use. There  must  be  in  place  a  mechanism  to  enforce  FIP principles. This  can  involve  self? regulation,  legislation  giving  consumers  legal   remedies  for  violations,  or  federal  statutes  and  regulation. di f i l ti f d l t t t d l ti Slide 8-140FTC Recommendations: Online Profiling Principle p Notice Recommendation Complete  transparency  to  user  by  providing  disclosure  and  choice  options   on  the  host  Web  site. â€Å"Robust†Ã‚  notice  for  PII  (time/place  of  collection;   before  collection  begins). Clear  and  conspicuous  notice  for  non PII. before  collection  begins). Clear  and  conspicuous  notice  for  non? PII. Opt? in  for  PII,  opt? out  for  non? PII. No  conversion  of  non? PII  to  PII  without   consent. Opt? out  from  any  or  all  network  advertisers  from  a  single  page   consent Opt out from any or all network advertisers from a single page provided  by  the  host  Web  site.Reasonable  provisions  to  allow  inspection  and  correction. Reasonable  efforts  to  secure  information  from  loss,  misuse,  or  improper   access. Done  by  independent  third  parties,  such  as  seal  programs  and  accounting   Done by independent third parties such as seal programs and accounting firms. medical  topics,  sexual  behavior  or  sexual  orientation,  or  use  Social  Security   medical topics sexual behavior or sexual orientation or use Social Security numbers  for  profiling. Slide 8-141 Choice Access Security EnforcementRestricted  Collection Advertising  networks  will  not  collect  information  about  sensitive  financial  or European Data Protection Directive Privacy  protection  much  stronger  inà ‚  Europe  than  U. S. European  approach:   Comprehensive  and  regulatory  in  nature p g y European  Commission’s  Directive  on  Data  Protection   (1998):   (1998): Standardizes  and  broadens  privacy  protection  in  European  Union   countries Department  of  Commerce  safe  harbor  program: For  U. S. firms  that  wish  to  comply  with  Directive Slide 8-142 Private Industry Self-RegulationSafe  harbor  programs: Private  policy  mechanism  to  meet  objectives  of   Pi t li h i t t bj ti f government  regulations  without  government  involvement e. g. Privacy  seal  programs e g Privacy seal programs Industry  associations  include: Online  Privacy  Alliance  (OPA) Network  Advertising  Initiative  (NAI) CLEAR  Ad  Notice  Technical  Specifications Privacy  advocacy  groups Emerging  privacy  protection  business Slide 8-143 Insight on Business Chief Privacy Officers hi f i ffi Class Discussion Slide 8-144 Technological Solutions Spyware,  pop? p  blockers Cookie  managers k Anonymous  remailers,  surfing Anonymous remailers surfing Platform  for  Privacy  Preferences  (P3P):   Comprehensive  technological  privacy  protection  standard Works  through  user s  Web  browser Works through user’s Web browser Communicates  a  Web  site’s  privacy  policy Compares  site  policy  to  user’s  preferences  or  to  other  standards   such  as  FTC’s  FIP  guidelines  or  EU’s  Data  Protection  Directive Slide 8-145 How P3P Works k Figure  8. 2(A) Slide 8-146 Insight on Technology The Privacy T Th P i Tug of War: fW Advertisers Vs. Consumers Class Discussion Slide 8-147 Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual  property:Encompasses  all  tangible  and  intangible  products  of  human   mind Major  ethical  issue: j How  should  we  treat  property  that  belongs  to  others? Major  social  issue: Major social issue: Is  there  continued  value  in  protecting  intellectual  property  in  the   Internet  age? Major  political  issue: How  can  Internet  and  e? commerce  be  regulated  or  governed  to   g g protect  intellectual  property? Slide 8-148 Intellectual Property Protection Three  main  types  of  protection: Copyright Patent Trademark  law Trademark law Goal  of  intellectual  property  law: Balance  two  competing  interests  Ã¢â‚¬â€ public  and   B l t ti i t t bli d privateMaintaining  this  balance  of  interests  is  always   M i t i i thi b l fi t t i l challenged  by  the  invention  of  new   technologies Slide 8-149 Copyright Protects  original  forms  of  expression  (but  not   ideas)  from   being  copied  by  others  for  a  Ã‚   ideas) from being copied by others for a period  of  time Look  and  feel  copyright  infringement  lawsuits Fair  use  doctrine Fair use doctrine Digital  Millennium  Copyright  Act,  1998 First  major  effort  to  adjust  copyright  laws  to  Internet  age Implements  WIPO  treaty  that  makes  it  illegal  to  make,   distribute,  or  use  devices  that  circumvent  technology? ased  protections  of  copyrighted  materials Slide 8-150 Patents Grant  owner  20? year  monopoly  on  ideas  behind  an   invention Machines Man? made  products p Compositions  of  matter Processing  methods Invention  must  be  new,  non? obvious,  novel Encourages  inventors g Promotes  dissemination  of  new  techniques  through   licensing Stifles  competition  by  raising  barriers  to  entry Slide 8-151 E-co mmerce Patents 1998  State  Street  Bank  &  Trust  v. Signature  Financial   Group Business  method  patents Led  to  explosion  in  application  for  e? commerce  Ã¢â‚¬Å"business   L dt l i i li ti f â€Å"b i methods†Ã‚  patentsMost  European  patent  laws  do  not  recognize   M tE t tl d t i business  methods  unless  based  on  technology Examples Amazon’s  One? click  purchasing DoubleClick’s  dynamic  delivery  of  online  advertising Slide 8-152 Trademarks d k Identify,  distinguish  goods  and  indicate  their   source Purpose p Ensure  Ã‚  consumer  gets  what  is  paid  for/expected  to  receive Protect  owner  against  piracy  and  misappropriation Infringement Market  confusion Bad  faith Dilution Behavior  that  weakens  connection  between  trademark   and  product Slide 8-153 Trademarks & Internet CybersquattingAnticy bersquatting  Consumer  Protection  Act  (ACPA) Cyberpiracy Typosquatting Metatagging M i Keywording y g Deep  linking Framing Slide 8-154 Governance Primary  questions Who  will  control  Internet  and  e? commerce? What  elements  will  be  controlled  and  how? What elements will be controlled and how? Stages  of  governance  and  e? commerce g g Government  Control  Period  (1970–1994) Privatization  (1995–1998) Privatization (1995 1998) Self? Regulation  (1995–present) Government  Regulation  (1998–present) Slide 8-155 Who Governs E-commerce & Internet? Mixed  mode  environmentSelf? regulation,  through  variety  of  Internet  policy   and  technical  bodies,  co exists  with  limited   and technical bodies co? exists with limited government  regulation ICANN  :  Domain  Name  System Internet  could  be  easily  controlled,   I t t ld b il t ll d m onitored,  and  regulated  from  a  central   location Slide 8-156 Taxation E? commerce  taxation  illustrates  complexity  of   governance  and  jurisdiction  issues governance and jurisdiction issues U. S. sales  taxed  by  states  and  local  government MOTO  retailing E? commerce  benefits  from  tax  Ã¢â‚¬Å"subsidy† yOctober  2007:  Congress  extends  tax  moratorium  for   an  additional  seven  years an additional seven years Unlikely  that  comprehensive,  integrated  rational   approach  to  taxation  issue  will  be  determined  for   approach to taxation issue will be determined for some  time  to  come Slide 8-157 Net Neutrality Currently,  all  Internet  traffic  treated  equally  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ all  activities  charged  the  same  rate,  no   ll i i i h d h preferential  assignment  of  bandwidth Backbone  providers  would  like  to  charge   differentiated  prices  and  ration  bandwidth 2010,  U. S. ppeals  court  ruled  that  FCC  had  no   authority  to  regulate  Internet  providers Slide 8-158 Public Safety & Welfare Protection  of  children  and  strong   g sentiments  against  pornography Passing  legislation  that  will  survive  court   P i l i l ti th t ill i t challenges  has  proved  difficult Efforts  to  control  gambling  and  restrict   sales  of  drugs  and  cigarettes sales of drugs and cigarettes Currently  mostly  regulated  by  state  law Unlawful  Internet  Gambling  Enforcement  Act Slide 8-159 Insight on Society Internet Drug Bazaar Class Discussion Slide 8-160

Analysis of the Standard Enthalpy of Combustion for Alcohols Essay

Aim: To investigate the standard enthalpy change of combustion for 5 consecutive alcohols in the alcohol homologous series, methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol, by using a calorimetric method to calculate the heat gained by the 100cm3 water in the experiment, and thus the heat lost by the alcohol lamp at standard temperature and pressure (298 K and 101.3 kPa). Background Knowledge: Alcohols are organic compounds containing Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbon. The alcohols are a homologous series containing the functional –OH group. As we move down the homologous series of alcohols, the number of Carbon atoms increase. Each alcohol molecule differs by –CH2; a single Carbon atom and two Hydrogen atoms. Combustion is the oxidation of carbon compounds by oxygen in air to form CO2 and H2O. Combustion produces heat as well as carbon dioxide and water. The enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mole of a fuel is burned completely in oxygen. When alcohol undergoes complete combustion it produces carbon dioxide and water as products, and energy is released. The standard enthalpy of combustion of an alcohol (à ¢H °comb) is the enthalpy change when one mole of an alcohol completely reacts with oxygen under standard thermodynamic conditions (temperature of 25 °C and pressure of 101.3 kPa). The standard enthalpy change of combustion of alcohols varies depending on their molecular size. The greater the number of carbons, the higher the standard enthalpy of combustion, as there is the presence of more bonds. The larger the alcohol molecule, the more bonds will be broken and formed, and therefore more heat will be produced. Using experiments, the standard enthalpy of combustion of an alcohol can be found, buy first finding the heat released during the reaction using the equation Heat=mass of water Ãâ€"specific heat capacity of water Ãâ€"rise in temperature of water Note: The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 Jg-1 °C-1. and then finding the number of moles of alcohol burnt, and dividing the heat by this number. Equipment: 1. 250 cm3 Conical flask 2. 100 cm3  ± 0.08 cm3 pipette 3. Loggerpro thermometer 4. 5 x different consecutive alcohol spirit burners (eg. methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol) 5. Stand 6. 2 x clamps 7. Scales 8. 1500 cm3 distilled water 9. Heat proof mat 10. Matches Method: 1. Connect the temperature sensor to the datalogger. Connect the datalogger to the computer. Ensure the datalogging software is loaded and set to record the temperature of the sensor. Set the sampling rate to 1 sample per second for 210 seconds. 2. Using the pipette, pipette 100 cm3 distilled water into the conical flask. 3. Set up the stand, and clamp the conical flask 25 cm from the table. Also clamp the temperature probe 30 cm from the table, so that it is submerged in the distilled water but not in contact with the conical flask walls. 4. Weigh the alcohol lamp (including its cap) using the scales and record the mass. 5. Place alcohol lamp directly under the conical flask on a heat proof mat. 6. Click ‘collect’ on datalogger to start recording the temperature. After 30 seconds, light the alcohol lamp. 7. When the datalogger reaches 210 seconds immediately extinguish the flame by replacing the cap. ‘Store the latest run’ in loggerpro. 8. Re-weigh the alcohol lamp (including cap) as soon as possible after extinguishing the lamp. 9. Repeat steps 2 – 8 with the same alcohol to obtain trail 2, and trial 3 results. 10. Repeat steps 2 – 9 for 4 other consecutive alcohols. 11. Calculate the average change in mass of each alcohol and calculate the change in temperature of water for each trial. 12. Calculate energy absorbed by this using q=mcà ¢T then calculate à ¢H °comb=qn 13. Plot the graph of à ¢H °combversus number of carbons in alcohol. Apparatus: temperature probe datalogger device 5 cm 25 cm alcohol lamp loggerpro collector on computer heatproof mat 100 cm3 distilled water conical flask clamp clamp Variables: 1. Independent The alcohol used to heat water will be changed, however all alcohols will be primary. The range of alcohols will be 5 consecutive alcohols from the homologous series; methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol. 1. Dependent The change in temperature of the 100cm3 distilled water when heated by an alcohol lamp. 1. Measure the initial temperature and final temperature using loggerpro. The change in temperature can be calculated by: ΔT=T(final)-T(initial) 1. Controlled Finding the à ¢H using à ¢H °comb=qn Controlled Variables How is it controlled? Effect on experiment if uncontrolled Type of liquid Using only distilled water for all trials throughout the experiment. Different liquids could result in a difference in the strength of attractive forces between particles, meaning a different specific heat capacity which would affect the calculation of energy gain to water using the equation q=mcà ¢T, and thus an incorrect enthalpy change value. Volume of liquid used Measure 100cm3 of distilled water by using 100 cm3  ± 0.08 cm3 graduated pipette for each trial. If the volume was not exactly 100 cm3 it would directly affect the mass of the water which will affect the q=mcà ¢T value and thus the à ¢H value. Material glassware Use the same brand and materials of a conical flask for all trials. Different materials have different conductivity and may absorb more heat from the alcohol lamp, affecting the overall heat absorbed by the distilled water. Using the same material and brand of conical flask ensures that this is the same for each experiment. Temperature of surroundings For standard enthalpy of combustion, the temperature must be 25 °C however in a classroom this is hard to control, so for each experiment the temperature will stay constant at 19 °C. If the surrounding temperature was to be changing, the distilled water could be losing more, or gaining more heat energy from the surroundings, directly affecting the temperature change and therefore, q=mcà ¢T and the à ¢H value. Distance between the conical flask and alcohol lamp A clamp will be set at a distance of 25 cm from the table, and this the flask will sit at the same height each trial. If the distance changes, the heat lost to the surroundings varies and the heat that reaches the bottom of the calorimeter also varies. This will lead to a difference in rise in temperature of water (à ¢T), and therefore an incorrect calculation for q=mcà ¢T and à ¢H value. Pressure of surroundings For standard enthalpy of combustion the pressure must be 1 atm, however in a classroom this is hard to obtain, so all experiments will be done in a room with the same pressure. Might influence the vapour pressure point, which will affect the q=mcà ¢T value, and thus the à ¢H. Duration of heating The water will be headed for 180 seconds. This ensures that all experiments have the same time to heat the water which directly effects the change in temperature and thus the q=mcà ¢T calculation and the à ¢H value. References: http://gandhijkt.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/chemistry-sample-lab-report.pdf http://www.ausetute.com.au/heatcomb.html http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/chemistry/chemical-energetics/revise-it/enthalpy-changes

love Essays

love Essays love Essay love Essay Biology 5Laboratory ExercisesandExam ReviewsLab 1Scientific Method and Laboratory ProtocolLab Manual Exercise 1Page 1Please read pages 1-14 and Appendix A, and study the attached handout before attending lab.Please complete the following Activities:Activity 1Pp. 2-4Activity 2Pp. 5-6Activity 3Pp. 7-8Review Questionsp. 13-14, Nos. 1-10Be sure to clean any equipment as well as your work area. Return all materials to their proper place. The Metric SystemLength Meter (m) is the standard metric unit Approximately 39 inches (little over a yard)Mass (weight) Gram (g) is the standard metric unit Approximately 1/28 ounceVolume Liter (l) is the standard metric unit Slightly larger than a quartPrefixes applied to standard units commonly used in biology:Kilo (k) 1000 or 103Centi (c) 1/100 or 0.01 or 10-2Milli (m) 1/1000 or 0.001 or 10-3 Micro (u) 1/1,000,000 or 0.000001 or 10-6Nano (n) 1/1,000,000,000 or 0.000000001 or 10-9 Lab 2The MicroscopeLab Manual Exercise 2Page 15Please read pages 16-24 before attending lab.Please complete the following procedures/exercises:Activity 1Pp. 17-19Activity 2P. 19Clean only when necessary. A piece of dry lens paper works fine.Activity 3Pp. 19-21Activity 4P. 21Activity 5Pp. 21-22Activity 6P. 22 (For Part 2, view the oval-shaped specimen on the slide (not the square-shaped specimen).Activity 7Pp. 23-24Review QuestionsP. 25, Nos. 1-7As always, be sure to clean and dry any equipment as well as your work area. Return all materials to their proper place.Lab 3Cell BiologyLab Manual Exercise 3 Page 27Please read pages 28-32 before attending labPlease complete the following procedures/exercises:Examine model of typical animal cell on display.Using illustration on page 28 as

don giovanni essays

don giovanni essays Don Giovanni is centered around the main character, Don Giovanni, and his effects on the people surrounding him. Don Giovanni is a self-proclaimed lover who cannot resist in seducing women regardless of their availability. Some of the major themes of Don Giovanni are revenge and deception. Revenge is one the more obvious themes of Don Giovanni and is emphasized by the characters, Don Ottavio, Donna Anna, and the Commendatore. This issue of revenge comes about after the masked Don Giovanni slays the Commendatore, Donna Annas beloved father. Donna Anna makes Don Ottavio, her future husband, vow to avenge the death of her father by killing Don Giovanni. She does not know the exact identity of Don Giovanni but after meeting him later, she realizes that he is the one. This encounter increases Donna Anna and Don Ottavios motivation to avenge the Commendatores death. Ottavio had almost succeeded in killing Giovanni during the peasants wedding feast but he managed to escape Ottavio and his sword. Ironically, the character that ends up fulfilling Annas wish is the Commendatore who comes back to life in the form of statue. He dismisses Don Giovanni into the fiery pits of hell where he will forever experience the effects of his sins. The character that fuels the theme of deception in Don Giovanni is Don Giovanni himself. He deceives everyone- from Masetto to his own servant, Leporello. Giovanni throws a wedding celebration for Masetto and Zerlina not because he is happy for the couple but because he wants to seduce Zerlina. Giovanni attempts to build Masettos trust in him so that he will not suspect him of trying to win the affections of Zerlina. After Donna Elvira tries to tell Ottavio and Anna that Giovanni is someone who cannot be trusted, Giovanni tries to convince them that Elvira is insane in efforts to destroy her credibility. Giovanni wants to seduce yet another woman, this time the...

Arnolds Works and Hidden Radicalism In Them

Arnold's Works and Hidden Radicalism In Them Matthew Arnold was born in 1822 in Laleham-on-Thames in Middlesex County, England. Due to some temporary childhood leg braces, (Machann, 1) and a competitiveness within the large family of nine (Culler xxi) young Matthew earned the nickname Crabby. His disposition was described as active, but since his athletic pursuits were somewhat hindered by this correction of a bent leg (Machann 1), intellectual pursuits became more accessible to him. This may have led him to a literary career, but both his parents were literary (his mother wrote occasional verse and kept a journal, Machann 1) and scholarly, also, and this may have been what helped to accomplish the same aim. His father, Thomas Arnold, was a celebrated educator and headmaster of Rugby School, to which Matthew matriculated. He later attended Oxford, and, after a personal secretary-ship to Lord Lansdowne (Machann, 19) he was appointed Inspector of Schools. He spent most of his adult life traveling around England and sometimes the continent observing and reporting on the state of public schools, and his prose on education and social issues continues to be examined today (Machann xi). He also held the Chair of Poetry at Oxford for ten years, and wrote extensive literary criticism (Culler, xxii). Arnold is probably best known today for this passage of his honeymoon-written (Machann, 31) Dover Beach, the only poem of Arnolds which may be called very famous. This is the last stanza of the poem. Ah, love, let us be true To one another! For the world, which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams, So various, so beautiful, so new, Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain; And we are here a on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night. (Strand and Boland, 185-186) This poem, a love poem doubtless, in the end directs us to a love beyond all earthly love, and a rejection of the world as a place of illusions. Religion was the central idea of Arnolds life, but he thought that poetry was an excellent, and, in fact, vital part of the new society, which he thought absolutely necessary to understanding the spiritual component of life. He wrote in his The Study of Poetry, But for poetry the idea is everything; the rest is a world of illusion, of divine illusion. Poetry attaches its emotion to the idea; the idea is the fact. The strongest part of our religion to-day is its unconscious poetry. (463), and We should conceive of [poetry] as capable of higher uses, and called to higher destinies, than those which in general men have assigned to it hitherto. More and more mankind will discover that we have to turn to poetry to interpret life for us, to console us, and to sustain us. (464). So this poet, who was actually not primarily a professional poet for a large part of his life, but instead accomplished all of his great poetic feats during his time off from his employment inspecting schools (Britannica article), argued that poetry was of paramount importance to everyone, and necessary for spiritual health. What kind of poetry would a man like this write? He naturally excelled at lyric and elegy (Schmidt 486,) but he really thought the truly impersonal epics the classic virtues of unity, impersonality, universality, and architectonic power and upon the value of the classical masterpieces (Britannica article) were the highest form and the best model of poetry. He wrote some long dramatic and narrative poems, such as Empedocles on Etna Sohrab and Rustum, and Tristram and Iseult, with classical and legendary themes. He had a classical education at Rugby and Oxford, but distanced himself from the classics (though he thought of them as being the bastion of sanity (Schm idt 486,) but he was also the first Poetry chair at Oxford to deliver his lectures in English instead of Latin (Culler, xxii)). He gave a lecture On Translating Homer, but in it refused to translate it himself, and instead provided criticism on the latest two translations. He was very religious, but also was critical of the established religions of his Victorian time, and wrote most of what now passes with us for religion and philosophy will be replaced by poetry (Harmon, 464,) which must have been a somewhat shocking claim in his time coming from a man employed in more than one capacity to mold young minds. He was a product of his time, but had deep personal reservations about the state of his world. His poetry has been criticized, even his greatest poems, as being an allegory of the state of his own mind. (Culler, xvii). His talents appear to have lain in the personal poems the lyric and the elegy, such as Dover Beach, but his ambitions perhaps lay in what he considered a higher form of poetry the epic. Empedocles on Etna, for example, doesnt have the immediacy and the musicality of Dover Beach or even his famous (at the time) sonnet Shakespeare: Others abide our question. Thou art free. We ask and ask Thou smilest and art still, Out-topping knowledge. For the loftiest hill, Who to the stars uncrown his majesty, Planting his steadfast footsteps in the sea, Making the heaven of heavens his dwelling-place, Spares but the cloudy border of his base To the foild searching of mortality; And thou, who didst the stars and sunbeams know, Self-schoold, self-scannd, self-honourd, self-secure, Didst tread on earth unguessd at. Better so! All pains the immortal spirit must endure, All weakness which impairs, all griefs which bow, Find their sole speech in that victorious brow. (Culler 26) This poem has the fourteen lines of a sonnet, and the final rhyming couplet, but has additional stanza breaks that Shakespeares sonnets did not. Perhaps in this kind of laudatory poetry (perhaps imitating the original form of classical elegies, which were replete with flatteries) Arnold didnt think he was worthy to directly imitate his subjects sonnet form. This example of Arnolds poetry shows his mastery of language even awkward constructions like Self-schoold, self-scannd, self-honord, self-secure trip off the tongue and make sense without seeming simplistic. He uses some of Shakespeares language (didst, thou,) but doesnt make this sound like a piece of Elizabethan poetry, either. He brings the reader to think about what in Shakespeare he or she might have read that is out-topping knowledge. The comparison in the second stanza is definitely classical in origin (perhaps the Colossus of Rhodes, or the battles of the Titans and the gods in Greek mythology), showing Shakespeare metaph orically large enough to stand on earth and live in heaven. We humans on earth can only contemplate his lower parts, his base (Machann says that it is an image of Shakespeare as a lofty mountain, 15.) It is a good way of capturing the wonder and mystery of great art. We ask and ask, as Arnold says, be we dont fully understand a masterpiece or how its creator made it. Also, its just self-conscious enough to show Arnolds modesty about his own talent. He doesnt put himself in the class with Shakespeare, or with Homer or writers of the other classical epics. He hasnt quite reconciled himself, I think, to the idea that the future of poetry lay in the personal, which was a kind of poetry he himself was able to write very well. Arnolds poetry, especially his lyrics and elegies, are often interesting and thought-provoking. His mastery of English is complete, and his diction shows his full Latin and Greek education, with the deep understanding of the origin of Latinate English words. But he does not shy away from good Anglo-Saxon words, either, like Shakespeare does not, and is fully able to use both high-flown language (such as in Empedocles on Etna, These rumblings are not Typhos groans, I know!/These angry smoke-bursts/Are not the passionate breath/Of the mountain-crushd, tortured, intractable Titan king, Culler 65) and very simple, lovely images, such as stars and sunbeams know. His elegy Memorial Verses to Wordsworth is considered one of the best elegies in English. (Schmidt, 485) Arnold was a product of his time the old Victorian world of religion and classical education but he also anticipated the new modern focus on self-choice and the value placed on the personal. He was a poetic talent with a flair for thoughtful poems, with the ability to create beautiful and lasting images. Works cited: Machann, C. Matthew Arnold: A Literary Life, New York: St Martins Press, 1998 Arnold, Matthew. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 8 Oct. 2006 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009580. Culler, A. D., Ed., Poetry and Criticism of Matthew Arnold, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961. Strand, M., and Boland, E., Eds., The Making of a Poem, New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2000 Harmon, W. Ed., Classic Writings on Poetry, New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. Schmidt, M. The Lives of the Poets, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999

Cultural Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Studies - Essay Example 84). The preceding quote very explicitly identifies several forms of essentialism, those being biological, social and cognitive essentialism, and holds as universal to all women. In other words, gender is not just an inherently biological characteristic but it is equally so a matter of cognitive perception and social attribute. Grosz’s definition or understanding of feminism emerges from within her understanding of essentialism and its correlation to gender. Equality feminism is somewhat at odds with the essentialist representations of the female gender. As Genovese (1996) explains, this feminist ideology highlights the similarities between men and women, irrespective of biological differences, and argues gender equality on the basis of the similarities. This stance may be interpreted as a negation of essentialism, insofar as it only concedes to biological differences but does not acknowledge the inherent importance of social and cognitive essentialism. In direct comparison to equality feminism, feminism of difference emphasizes the differences between the genders. As Ebert (1993) explains, difference feminism argues that the sexes are fundamentally different but that differences, whether cognitive or social, do not negate the equality of the sexes, or make one more equal than the other. This feminist ideology is reflective of essentialism. In the final analysis, and speaking from a subjective viewpoint, essentialism is an inescapable reality. The sexes are not just different because of biology but because of cognitive and societal perceptions. Equality feminism, insofar as it fails to acknowledge the aforementioned, is weak. Its weakness is rooted in its assumption that equality is only applicable to those, or that, which are alike. Difference feminism, on the other hand, draws its strength from its recognition of essentialism and its understanding of the fact that equality does not have

GMO the Necessary Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

GMO the Necessary Evil - Essay Example There have been many mixed reactions due to GM foods because of the rampant debate surrounding GMO technology. Today, the process of genetic modification is rapidly advancing throughout the planet. In 2004, 8.25 million farmers in 17 nations grew the crops (Ahmed 30). The production and marketing of GM foods are due to the superficial benefits they hold either to the producer or to consumption of these genetic foods. When it was first introduced, GM seeds developers needed their products to be accepted by producers and focus on innovations that have direct benefits to the farmers and the food industry at large. For example, the International Rice Research Institute located in the Philippines manufactured the GM golden rice to help people in South East Asia that were lacking food. Research has shown that GMO presents significant threats because of inconclusive research on their safety and their effects on the environment. However, I believe GMO is a necessary evil that the human race must contend with because it faces an imminent food crisis. GMO is the necessary evil that will solve the world food problem (Specter 34). GMO foods are unavoidable, and we cannot live without them. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Food, Drug Administration, and other scientific bodies in the world have strongly advocated for the use of GM foods, since they do not predispose the human health to any harm. Additionally, research shows that the risks to human health that may be brought about by the consumption of GM foods are the same as those that are produced by the consumption of non-GM foods. Moreover, GM foods are safe to use as they tested for food safety and passed the safety assessment. Some people believe that GM foods should be eliminated due to the risks they have like the health issues. It is a fact that people have eaten some of the GM foods unknowingly, but no complains of serious concerns (Ahmed 18). By 2040, the world’s population is predicted to increase